Modalverben: sollen und müssen

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MODALVERBEN ( SOLLEN, MÜSSEN)


Il verbo sollen corrisponde all' italiano 'dovere'. Si utillizza per esprimere:
  • un comandamento: 
Du sollst nicht stehlen. - Non dovresti rubare.
  • una richiesta di parere: 
Soll ich dir helfen? - Dovrei aiutarti?
  • un consiglio:
Mein Vater sagt mir, ich soll mir mehr Mühe für meine Zukunft geben.- Il mio padre mi dice, che dovrei impegnarmi di più per il mio futuro.
  • uno scopo, un fino, una funzione:
Da soll das neue Theater gebaut werden.- Il nuovo teatro dev'essere costruito qui.
  • un ordine, un incarico, un desiderio di terzi:
Meine Mutter sagt, ich soll ihr bei den Hausarbeiten helfen.- La mia madre mi dice che dovrei aiutarla con i lavori domestici.
  • la ripetizione di un ordine dato, ma non ancora rispettato:
Die Mutter sagt den Kindern: ''Kommt her!'' (1. Mal)
                                                ''Kommt her!'' (2. Mal)
                                                ''Ihr sollt herkommen!'' (3. Mal)
La madre dice ai bambini:      ''Venite qua!'' (prima volta)
                                                ''Venite qua!'' (seconda volta)
                                                ''Dovete venire qua!'' (terza volta)


Anche il verbo müssen corrisponde al verbo 'dovere', però si distingue nei seguenti casi:
  • obbligo, legge:
Alle müssen die Verkehrszeichen respektieren.- Tutti devono rispettare i segnali stradali.
  • necessità:
Ich habe einen Bärenhunger, ich muss unbedingt was essen.- Ho fame come orso, devo assolutamente  mangiare qualcosa.
  • deduzione logica:
Wir hatten alles schon verstanden. Das musste ja so enden!- Abbiamo già capito tutto. Doveva finire così!

N.B.
La negazione del verbo dovere in tedesco si esprime con nicht dürfen, nicht müssen, nicht brauchen.

  • Nicht dürfen ( esprime un divieto)
Du darfst nicht rauchen! Non devi fumare!

  • Nicht brauchen...zu+ Inf./ Nicht müssen (esprime la non neccessità di fare qualcosa)
Du müsst nicht früher kommen. / Du brauchst nicht früher zu kommen. - Non devi arrivare prima.









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